Umlando woMbuso Wase-Ottoman eTurkey
UMbuso Wase-Ottoman uthathwa njengomunye wamakhosi amakhulu futhi ahlala isikhathi eside kunawo wonke owake waba khona emlandweni womhlaba. Umbusi wase-Ottoman uSultan Suleiman Khan (I) wayeyikholwa eliqinile le-Islam futhi ethanda ubuciko nezakhiwo. Lolu thando lwakhe lubonakala kulo lonke elaseTurkey ngezigodlo ezinhle nama-mosque.
Umbusi wase-Ottoman u-Sultan Suleiman Khan (I), owaziwa nangokuthi i-Magnificent, wenza ukunqoba ukuze ahlasele i-Europe futhi athumba i-Budapest, i-Belgrade, nesiqhingi sase-Rhodes. Kamuva, njengoba ukunqotshwa kwakuqhubeka, wakwazi nokungena eBaghdad, e-Algiers, nase-Aden. Lolu chungechunge lokuhlasela lwalungenzeka ngenxa yebutho lemikhumbi elingenakunqotshwa likaSultan, elalikhonya eMedithera, futhi iqhawe lombusi, ukubusa kukaSultan Suleiman, kubhekiselwa kukho njengenkathi yegolide yokubusa kwe-Ottoman.
Ubukhosi boMbuso Wase-Ottoman bubusa izingxenye ezinkulu zaseMpumalanga Ephakathi, eNyakatho Afrika, naseMpumalanga Yurophu isikhathi esingaphezu kweminyaka engama-600. Njengoba ufunda ngenhla, abomdabu bangabiza umholi wabo omkhulu kanye nenzalo yakhe (amakhosikazi, amadodana namadodakazi) ngokuthi uSultan noma uSultana, okusho ukuthi 'umbusi wezwe'. USultan kwakufanele alawule ngokuphelele ezenkolo nezombangazwe phezu kwabantu bakhe, futhi akekho owayengachitha ukwahlulela kwakhe.
Ngenxa yamandla akhulayo kanye namaqhinga empi angenakulinganiswa, abeLungu babewabheka njengosongo olungase lube khona ekuthuleni kwabo. Kodwa-ke, izazi-mlando eziningi zibheka uMbuso Wase-Ottoman njengophawu lokuzinza nokuzwana kwesifunda okuhle kakhulu, futhi ziwukhumbula futhi zawugubha ngezimpumelelo ezibalulekile emkhakheni wesayensi, ubuciko, inkolo, izincwadi, namasiko.
Ukwakhiwa koMbuso Wase-Ottoman
Umholi wezizwe zaseTurkey edolobheni lase-Antolia, u-Osman I, wayenesibopho sokubeka izisekelo zoMbuso Wase-Ottoman ngonyaka we-1299. Igama elithi "Ottoman" lithathwe egameni lomsunguli - u-Osman, elibhalwe ngokuthi 'Uthman' ngesi-Arabhu. AmaTurkey ase-Ottoman abe esezakhela uhulumeni osemthethweni futhi aqala ukwandisa indawo yawo ngaphansi kobuholi obunesibindi buka-Osman I, uMurad I, u-Orhan, no-Bayezid I. Kwaqala kanjalo-ke ifa lombuso wase-Ottoman.
Ngo-1453, uMehmed II uMnqobi waqhubekisela phambili ukuhlasela nebutho lamaTurkey ase-Ottoman futhi wathumba idolobha laseConstantinople lasendulo nelizinze, ngaleso sikhathi elalibizwa ngokuthi inhloko-dolobha yoMbuso WaseByzantium. Lokhu kunqotshwa kukaMehmed II kwabona ukuwa kweConstantinople ngo-1453, kwaqeda ukubusa kweminyaka eyinkulungwane nodumo lomunye wemibuso ebaluleke kakhulu emlandweni - uMbuso WaseByzantium.
Umbuso Wase-Ottoman
Ukunyuka koMbuso Wase-Ottoman
Ukubusa kombusi omuhle wase-Ottoman - uSultan Suleiman Khan
Ngonyaka ka-1517, indodana kaBayezid, uSelim I, yahlasela futhi yabeka i-Arabia, iSiriya, iPalestine, neGibhithe ngaphansi kombuso wase-Ottoman. Ukubusa koMbuso Wase-Ottoman kwafinyelela esicongweni phakathi kuka-1520 no-1566, okwenzeka ngesikhathi sokubusa kombusi omangalisayo wase-Ottoman - uSultan Suleiman Khan. Lesi sikhathi sasikhunjulwa futhi sibungazwa ngobukhazikhazi obulethe kubantu ababedabuka kulezi zifundazwe.
Lesi sikhathi sabona amandla amakhulu, ukuzinza okungahlangani kanye nengcebo enkulu nokuchuma. U-Sultan Suleiman Khan wakha umbuso osekelwe ohlelweni olufanayo lomthetho nokuhleleka futhi wayengaphezu kokwamukela izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zobuciko nezincwadi ezazichuma ezwenikazi laseTurkey. AmaSulumane angaleso sikhathi ayebona uSuleiman engumholi wenkolo nombusi wezombangazwe onobulungisa. Ngokuhlakanipha kwakhe, ukukhalipha kwakhe njengombusi nesihe sakhe kubantu bakhe, ngesikhathi esifushane kakhulu, wazuza izinhliziyo zabaningi.
Ukubusa kukaSultan Suleiman kwaqhubeka kudlondlobala, umbuso wakhe waqhubeka wanda futhi kamuva wahlanganisa izingxenye eziningi zasempumalanga yeYurophu. Ama-Ottomans achitha imali enhle kakhulu ekuqiniseni ibutho lawo lasolwandle futhi aqhubeka evuma amaqhawe amaningi anesibindi ebuthweni lawo.
Ukunwetshwa koMbuso Wase-Ottoman
UMbuso Wase-Ottoman waqhubeka ukhula futhi wandisa izindawo ezintsha. Ukunyuka kwebutho laseTurkey kwathumela ama-ripples kuwo wonke amazwekazi, okuholele ekuzinikeleni komakhelwane ngaphambi kokuhlaselwa kuyilapho abanye bezobhubha enkundleni yempi ngokwayo. USultan Suleiman wayegxile kakhulu ngamalungiselelo empi, amalungiselelo amade omkhankaso, izimpahla zempi, izivumelwano zokuthula nezinye izinhlelo ezihlobene nempi.
Lapho lo mbuso uba nezinsuku ezinhle futhi ufinyelela esicongweni, uMbuso Wase-Ottoman ngaleso sikhathi wawusuhlanganise izindawo eziningi futhi wawuhlanganisa nezifunda ezinjengeGreece, Turkey, Egypt, Bulgaria, Hungary, Romania, Macedonia, Hungary, Palestine, Syria, Lebanon, Jordan. , izingxenye zeSaudi Arabia kanye nengxenye enhle yesifunda esisogwini saseNyakatho Afrika.
Ubuciko, Isayensi Namasiko Obukhosi
Imicimbi yasebukhosini
Sekuyisikhathi eside ama-Ottoman aziwa ngokufaneleka kwawo kwezobuciko, ezokwelapha, ezokuklama, nesayensi. Uma uke wavakashela eTurkey, uyobona ubuhle bama-mosque aklelisiwe kanye nobuhle bezigodlo zaseTurkey lapho kwakuzohlala khona umndeni kaSultan. I-Istanbul namanye amadolobha abalulekile embusweni wonke abonwa njengezigcawu zobuciko zobuhlakani bezakhiwo zaseTurkey, ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi sokubusa kukaSultan Suleiman, the Magnificent.
Ezinye zezindlela zobuciko ezazivame kakhulu ezachuma phakathi nokubusa kukaSultan Suleiman kwakuyi-calligraphy, izinkondlo, imidwebo, ukhaphethi, nezindwangu zokuluka, ukucula, nokwenza umculo nezinto zobumba. Emikhosini eyathatha inyanga yonke, bekubizwa abaculi nezimbongi ezivela ezifundeni ezihlukene zombuso ukuba bahlanganyele kulo mcimbi futhi bagubhe nabasebukhosini.
USultan Suleiman Khan naye wayeyindoda efunde kakhulu futhi wayefunda futhi azilolonge izilimi ezimbalwa ukuze aphumelele ekuxhumaneni nababusi bakwamanye amazwe. Waze waba nomtapo omkhulukazi ofakwe esigodlweni sakhe ukuze kube lula ukuwufunda. Ubaba kaSultan kanye naye babengabathandi bezinkondlo abashisekayo futhi babekwazi ngisho nezinkondlo zothando ezifanele zamaSultana abo abathandayo.
Ukwakhiwa kwe-Ottoman kwakungomunye umboniso wobuhlakani baseTurkey. Imidwebo ecocekile nethambile kanye ne-calligraphy etholakala ezindongeni zama-mosque nezigodlo yasiza ukuchaza isiko elalichuma ngaleso sikhathi. Ama-mosque amakhulu nezakhiwo zomphakathi (ezenzelwe imibuthano nemikhosi) zakhiwe ngobuningi ngesikhathi sikaSultan Sulieman.
Ngaleso sikhathi, iSayensi yayibhekwa njengengxenye ebalulekile yocwaningo. Umlando uphakamisa ukuthi ama-ottoman ayezofunda, azijwayeze futhi ashumayele amazinga athuthukile esayensi yezinkanyezi, ifilosofi, izibalo, i-physics, ifilosofi, ikhemistri kanye nezwe.
Ngaphezu kwalokhu, ezinye zezimpumelelo ezivelele zenziwa ama-Ottoman kwezokwelapha. Phakathi nempi, isayensi yezokwelapha yayingakathuthuki esigabeni lapho ukwelashwa okulula nokungenazinkinga kwakunganikezwa abalimele. Kamuva, ama-ottoman asungula amathuluzi okuhlinza akwazi ukuhlinza ngempumelelo amanxeba ajulile. Bathola amathuluzi afana nama-catheter, pinceers, ama-scapel, ama-forceps nama-lancets okwelapha abalimele.
Ngesikhathi sokubusa kukaSultan Selim, kwavela umthethonqubo omusha wabaphathi bezihlalo zobukhosi, owamemezela ukuthi i-fratricide, noma ubugebengu obubi bokubulala abazalwane esihlalweni sobukhosi sikaSultan. Noma nini lapho sekuyisikhathi sokuthweswa umqhele omusha weSultan, abafowabo bakaSultan babethunjwa ngonya futhi bafakwe etilongweni. Lapho nje indodana yokuqala kaSultan izalwa, wayezokwenza abafowabo namadodana abo babulawe. Lolu hlelo olunonya lwaqalwa ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi indlalifa efanele yesihlalo sobukhosi kuphela ethatha isihlalo sobukhosi.
Kodwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, akubona bonke abalandela lesi siko elingenabulungisa lokuchithwa kwegazi. Kamuva, lo mkhuba washintsha waba into embi kangako. Eminyakeni yakamuva yombuso, abafowabo benkosi eyayizoba inkosi babevalelwa ezitokisini kuphela futhi bangagwetshwa intambo.
Ukubaluleka kweSigodlo saseTopkapi
I-Topkapi Palace
UMbuso Wase-Ottoman wawubuswa amakhosi angu-36 phakathi kuka-1299 no-1922. Kwaphela amakhulu eminyaka inkosi yase-Ottoman ihlezi esigodlweni sikanokusho saseTopkapi, esasinamachibi, amagceke, izakhiwo zokuphatha, izakhiwo zokuhlala, nenqwaba yezingadi ezinhle ezizungeze umbhoshongo ophakathi. Ingxenye enkulu yalesi sigodlo esikhulu yayibizwa ngokuthi iHarem. I-Harem yayivame ukuba yindawo lapho izancinza, abafazi baka-sultan kanye nabanye besifazane abambalwa abayizigqila behlala ndawonye.
Nakuba laba besifazane behlala ndawonye, banikezwa izikhundla / izimo ezihlukene endlini yabesifazane, futhi bonke babedinga ukuthobela umyalo. Lo myalelo wawulawulwa futhi ugcinwe ngokuvamile ngumama ka-sultan. Ngemva kokufa kwakhe, umthwalo wemfanelo wawuzodluliselwa komunye wamakhosikazi kasultan. Bonke laba besifazane babengaphansi kweSultan futhi babegcinwa endlini yabesifazane ukuze bakhonze isithakazelo sikasultan. Ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi umthetho nokuhleleka kwabesifazane kuyalandelwa ngaso sonke isikhathi, kwakuqokwe abathenwa esigodlweni ukuze basize ngemisebenzi yansuku zonke futhi banakekele ibhizinisi labesifazane.
Ezikhathini ezimbalwa, laba besifazane kwakufanele bacule futhi badansele i-sultan, futhi uma beba nenhlanhla, babekhethwa nguye njengesancinza sakhe 'asithandayo' futhi babezokhushulelwa esikhundleni sezintandokazi ohlwini lwamakhosikazi. Baphinde bahlanganyele okugeza okuvamile kanye nekhishi elivamile.
Ngenxa yosongo lokusocongwa olwaluhlale lusondela, u-Sultan kwadingeka asuke endaweni eyodwa aye kwenye njalo ebusuku ukuze isitha singalokothi siqiniseke ngendawo yakhe yokuhlala.
Ukuwa koMbuso Wase-Ottoman
Ngasekuqaleni kwawo-1600, uMbuso Wase-Ottoman wawohloka ngokomyalo wezempi nowezomnotho eYurophu. Ngenkathi amandla ombuso eqala ukwehla, iYurophu yayiqale ukuzuza amandla ngokushesha ngokufika kweRenaissance kanye nokuvuselelwa komonakalo owenziwe yinguquko yezimboni. Ngokulandelanayo, umbuso wase-Ottoman nawo wabona ubuholi obuntengantengayo emqhudelwaneni wabo nezinqubomgomo zezohwebo zaseNdiya neYurophu, ngaleyo ndlela, okuholele ekuweni kungakabi yisikhathi koMbuso Wase-Ottoman.
Izenzakalo zazilokhu zenzeka ngokulandelana. Ngo-1683, lo mbuso wehlulwa empini yawo eVienna, futhi wenezela ebuthakathakeni bawo. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, kancane kancane, umbuso waqala ukulahlekelwa ukulawula zonke izifunda ezibalulekile ezwenikazi labo. IGreece yalwela Inkululeko yabo futhi yathola inkululeko ngo-1830. Kamuva, ngo-1878, iRomania, Bulgaria kanye neSerbia kwathiwa zizimele yiCongress of Berlin.
Nokho, igalelo lokugcina laba amaTurkey lapho elahlekelwa ingxenye enkulu yombuso wawo eziMpini ZaseBalkan, ezenzeka ngo-1912 nango-1913. Ngokusemthethweni, umbuso omkhulu wama-Ottoman waphela ngo-1922 lapho kuchithwa isicoco sikaSultan. .
Ngomhla zingama-29 kuMfumfu, izwe laseTurkey lamenyezelwa njengeRiphabhulikhi, elasungulwa isikhulu samasosha u-Mustafa Kemal Ataturk. Wasebenza njengomongameli wokuqala waseTurkey kusukela ngonyaka we-1923 kuya ku-1938, waphetha isikhundla sakhe ngokufa kwakhe. Wasebenza kakhulu ukuze avuselele izwe, enze abantu bangabi nenkolo futhi enze wonke amasiko aseTurkey abe sentshonalanga. Ifa loMbuso WaseTurkey laqhubeka iminyaka engu-600 ende. Kuze kube manje, basakhunjulwa ngokuhlukahluka kwabo, amandla abo ezempi angenakunqotshwa, imizamo yabo yobuciko, ubuhlakani babo bezakhiwo, kanye nemisebenzi yabo yezenkolo.
Uthi bewazi?
Hurrem Sultana
Kufanele ukuthi uzwile ngezindaba zothando ezishisayo zika-Romeo noJuliet, u-Laila no-Majnu, u-Heer no-Ranjha, kodwa ingabe uzwile ngothando olungapheli olwabiwe phakathi kuka-Hurrem Sultana no-Sultan Suleiman Khan, Omangalisayo? Wazalelwa eRuthenia (manje eyi-Ukraine), ngaphambili eyayaziwa ngokuthi u-Alexandra, wazalelwa emkhayeni wamaKristu ovamile. Kamuva, njengoba abaseTurkey beqala ukuhlasela iRuthenia, u-Alexandra wathunjwa abaphangi baseCrimea futhi wathengiswa kuma-Ottoman emakethe yezigqila.
Eyaziwa ngobuhle bakhe obungenangqondo nokuhlakanipha, ngokushesha okukhulu, wavuka emehlweni kaSultan futhi wadabula izintambo ze-harem. Iningi labesifazane belinomona ngaye ngenxa yokunakwa akuthola kuSuleiman. I-Sultan yathandana nalobuhle baseRuthene futhi yaphikisana nesiko elineminyaka engu-800 ubudala lokushada isancinza sakhe esithandekayo futhi simenze umfazi wakhe osemthethweni. Wayeguqukele ku-Islam esuka ebuKristwini ukuze ashade no-Suleiman. Wayengumngane wokuqala owathola isikhundla sikaHaseki Sultan. U-Haseki wayesho 'intandokazi'.
Phambilini, isiko lalivumela amakhosi ukuthi ashade namadodakazi ezikhulu zakwamanye amazwe hhayi umuntu owayesebenza njengesancinza esigodlweni. Waqhubeka enikeza izingane eziyisithupha embusweni, kuhlanganise nomphathi wesihlalo sobukhosi uSelim II. U-Hurrem wadlala indima ebalulekile ekwelulekeni u-sultan ngezindaba zakhe zombuso kanye nokuthumela izincwadi zokusebenzelana nenkosi uSigismund II Augustus.
Muva nje, icinema yaseTurkey yamukele indaba kaSultan Suleiman Khan nesithandwa sakhe ukukhiqiza uchungechunge lwewebhu olubizwa ngokuthi 'The Magnificent' olubonisa impilo namasiko oMbuso Wase-Ottoman.
Hlola wakho ukufaneleka kwe-visa yaseTurkey futhi ufake isicelo se-e-Visa yaseTurkey amahora angama-72 ngaphambi kohambo lwakho lwendiza. Izakhamizi zaseBahamas, Izakhamizi zase-Bahrain futhi Izakhamizi zaseCanada ungafaka isicelo ku-inthanethi se-Electronic Turkey Visa.
