Imbali yoBukhosi baseOttoman eTurkey
Ubukhosi base-Ottoman bubonwa njengenye yezona dynasties ezinkulu kunye nezihlala ixesha elide kwezakha zakho kwimbali yehlabathi. Umlawuli wase-Ottoman uSultan Suleiman Khan (I) wayekholelwa ngokuqinileyo kwiSilamsi kunye nomthandi wobugcisa kunye nezakhiwo. Olu thando lwakhe lubonwa kulo lonke elaseTurkey ngendlela yamabhotwe amahle kunye neemosque.
Umlawuli waseOttoman uSultan Suleiman Khan (I), owaziwa ngokuba nguMgnificent, waqhuba uloyiso lokuhlasela iYurophu waza wathimba iBudapest, iBelgrade, kunye nesiqithi saseRhodes. Kamva, njengoko uloyiso lwaluqhubeka, wakwazi nokungena eBaghdad, eAlgiers, naseAden. Olu ngcelele lohlaselo lwalunokwenzeka ngenxa yomkhosi waselwandle ongenakubethwa kaSultan, owawukhonya kwiMeditera, kwaye umlo womkhosi we-cum, ulawulo lukaSultan Suleiman, ubizwa ngokuba lixesha legolide lolawulo lwase-Ottoman.
Ubukhosi base-Ottoman bulawula kwiindawo ezinkulu zoMbindi Mpuma, uMntla Afrika, kunye neMpuma Yurophu ngaphezu kwexesha eliyiminyaka engama-600. Njengoko ufunda ngasentla, abantu bomthonyama bebeya kuthi inkokeli yabo eyintloko nenzala yayo (abafazi, oonyana neentombi) nguSultan okanye uSultanas, okuthetha ukuthi “umlawuli wehlabathi”. I-Sultan yayiza kusebenzisa ulawulo olupheleleyo lwenkolo nezopolitiko phezu kwabantu bakhe, kwaye akukho namnye unokusithintela isigwebo sakhe.
Ngenxa yokunyuka kwamandla kunye namaqhinga emfazwe angenakuthelekiswa nanto, abantu baseYurophu bawajonga njengento enokuba sisisongelo kuxolo lwabo. Nangona kunjalo, ababhali-mbali abaninzi bajonga uBukhosi base-Ottoman njengophawu lozinzo olugqwesileyo lwengingqi kunye nemvisiswano, kunye nokubakhumbula kwaye babhiyozele impumelelo ebalulekileyo kwinkalo yesayensi, ubugcisa, inkolo, uncwadi kunye nenkcubeko.
Ukusekwa koBukhosi baseOttoman
Inkokeli yezizwe zaseTurkey kwisixeko sase-Antolia, u-Osman I, wayejongene nokubeka iziseko zoBukhosi base-Ottoman ngonyaka we-1299. Igama elithi "Ottoman" lithathwe kwigama lomsunguli - u-Osman, obhalwe ngokuthi 'Uthman'. ngesiArabhu. AmaTurks ase-Ottoman emva koko azenzela urhulumente osemthethweni kwaye aqalisa ukwandisa indawo yawo phantsi kobunkokeli obukhaliphileyo buka-Osman I, uMurad I, u-Orhan, no-Bayezid I. Ngaloo ndlela kwaqala ilifa lobukhosi base-Ottoman.
Ngo-1453, uMehmed II uMnqobi waqhubela phambili uhlaselo kunye nomkhosi wamaTurkey ase-Ottoman waza wahlutha isixeko sakudala nesenziwe kakuhle saseConstantinople, esasibizwa ngokuba likomkhulu loBukhosi baseByzantine. Olu loyiso lukaMehmed II lwabona ukuwa kweConstantinople ngo-1453, luphelisa ulawulo lweminyaka eyi-1,000 kunye nodumo lolunye ubukhosi obubalulekileyo embalini - uBukhosi baseByzantine.
Ubukhosi base-Ottoman
Ukunyuka koBukhosi base-Ottoman
Ulawulo lomlawuli obalaseleyo waseOttoman - uSultan Suleiman Khan
Ngonyaka we-1517, unyana kaBayezid, uSelim I, wahlasela waza wayizisa iArabhiya, iSiriya, iPalestina neYiputa phantsi kolawulo lobukhosi baseOttoman. Ulawulo loBukhosi base-Ottoman lwafikelela kwincopho yalo phakathi ko-1520 no-1566, okwenzeka ngexesha lolawulo lomlawuli obalaseleyo waseOttoman - uSultan Suleiman Khan. Eli xesha belikhunjulwa kwaye libhiyozelwe ngobunewunewu obuziswe phezu kwabantu ababeyinzalelwane yala maphondo.
Eli xesha langqina amandla amakhulu, uzinzo olungathintelwanga kunye nobutyebi obuninzi nempumelelo. USultan Suleiman Khan wakha i-emphaya esekwe kwinkqubo efanayo yomthetho kunye nocwangco kwaye wayengaphezulu kokwamkela iindlela ezahlukeneyo zobugcisa kunye noncwadi oluchumile kwilizwekazi laseTurkey. AmaSilamsi aloo maxesha ayembona uSuleiman njengenkokeli yonqulo nomlawuli wezobupolitika onobulungisa. Ngobulumko bakhe, ukuqaqamba kwakhe njengomlawuli kunye nenceba yakhe kubantu bakhe, ngexesha elifutshane kakhulu, wazuza iintliziyo zabaninzi.
Ulawulo lukaSultan Suleiman lwaqhubeka lukhula, ubukhosi bakhe baqhubeka besanda kwaye kamva baquka iindawo ezininzi zempuma yeYurophu. Ii-Ottomans zachitha isixa esihle sengeniso ekomelezeni umkhosi wazo waselwandle kwaye ziqhubeka zingenisa amagorha amaninzi nangakumbi emkhosini wawo.
Ukwandiswa koBukhosi baseOttoman
Ubukhosi base-Ottoman buqhubekile bukhula kwaye bukhulisa imimandla emitsha. Ukunyuka komkhosi waseTurkey kuthumele i-ripples kumazwekazi, okukhokelela ekunikezeleni ngabamelwane ngaphambi kohlaselo ngelixa abanye beza kutshabalala kwidabi ngokwalo. USultan Suleiman wayegxile kakhulu malunga namalungiselelo emfazwe, amalungiselelo amade ephulo, izixhobo zemfazwe, izivumelwano zoxolo kunye namanye amalungiselelo anxulumene nemfazwe.
Xa ubukhosi babungqinela imihla elungileyo baza bafikelela incopho yabo, uBukhosi baseOttoman ngelo xesha babugubungela imimandla emikhulu yomhlaba yaye babuquka imimandla efana neGrisi, iTurkey, iYiputa, iBulgaria, iHungary, iRomania, iMacedonia, iHungary, iPalestina, iSiriya, iLebhanon, iJordan. , iindawo zaseSaudi Arabia kunye nenxalenye elungileyo yommandla wonxweme lwaseMntla Afrika.
UbuGcisa, iNzululwazi kunye neNkcubeko yoBukhosi
Iziganeko zasebukhosini
I-Ottomans kudala isaziwa ngokugqwesa kwabo kubugcisa, amayeza, ubugcisa bokwakha kunye nesayensi. Ukuba ukhe wandwendwela eTurkey, uya kubona ubuhle beemosque ezidwelisiweyo kunye nobungangamsha bezindlu zasebukhosini zaseTurkey apho usapho lukaSultan luhlala khona. I-Istanbul kunye nezinye izixeko ezibalulekileyo kubo bonke ubukhosi zabonwa njengesandulela sobugcisa bobuchule bokwakha baseTurkey, ngakumbi ngexesha lolawulo lukaSultan Suleiman, uMgnificent.
Ezinye zezona ndlela zobugcisa zixhaphakileyo eziye zakhula ngexesha lolawulo lukaSultan Suleiman yayiyi-calligraphy, imibongo, imizobo, ikhaphethi, kunye neempahla zokuluka, ukucula, kunye nokwenza umculo kunye neeseramikhi. Ngexesha leminyhadala eyathatha inyanga yonke, iimvumi kunye neembongi zaye zabizwa zisuka kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zobukhosi ukuba zithathe inxaxheba kulo msitho kwaye zibhiyoze kunye nosapho lwasebukhosini.
USultan Suleiman Khan naye wayeyindoda efunde kakhulu kwaye wayefunda kwaye aziqhelanise neelwimi ezininzi ukuze aphumelele ekunxibelelaneni nabalawuli bamanye amazwe. Wayenethala leencwadi elikhulu elifakwe kwibhotwe lakhe ukuze kube lula ukufunda. Uyise kaSultan kunye naye babethanda imibongo ngenzondelelo kwaye babethanda imibongo yothando olufanelekileyo kwiiSultana zabo ezithandekayo.
I-architecture yase-Ottoman yayingomnye umboniso wobuchule baseTurkey. Imizobo ecocekileyo necekethekileyo kunye ne-calligraphy efunyenwe kwiindonga ze-mosque kunye neebhotwe zanceda ukucacisa inkcubeko eyakhula ngexesha. Ii-mosque ezinkulu kunye nezakhiwo zikawonke-wonke (ezenzelwe iindibano kunye nemibhiyozo) zazakhiwe kakhulu ngexesha likaSultan Sulieman.
Emva phaya, iSayensi yayijongwa njengenxalenye ebalulekileyo yophononongo. Imbali ibonisa ukuba iiottomans ziya kufunda, ziziqhelanise kwaye zishumayele amanqanaba aphambili enzululwazi ngeenkwenkwezi, ifilosofi, imathematika, ifiziksi, ifilosofi, ikhemistri kunye nejografi.
Ukongeza koku, ezinye zeempumelelo ezibalaseleyo zenziwa kwezamayeza ngama-Ottomans. Ngexesha lemfazwe, inzululwazi yezonyango ayizange iqhubele phambili kwinqanaba apho unyango olulula nolungenazinkathazo lunokunikwa abo benzakeleyo. Kamva, ii-ottomans zenze izixhobo zotyando ezikwaziyo ukwenza utyando oluyimpumelelo kumanxeba anzulu. Bafumene izixhobo ezifana neecatheter, iipencer, iiscalpels, forceps kunye nelancets zokunyanga abonzakeleyo.
Ngexesha lolawulo lukaSultan Selim, kwavela iprotocol entsha kubathwali betrone, eyabhengeza i-fratricide, okanye ulwaphulo-mthetho olubi lokubulala abazalwana kwitrone yeSultan. Nanini na xa ilixesha lokuthwesa iSultan entsha, abazalwana bakaSultan babebanjwa ngokungenalusini baze bafakwe emhadini. Ngokukhawuleza xa unyana wokuqala kaSultan ezalwa, wayeza kufumana abazalwana bakhe kunye noonyana babo babulawe. Le nkqubo ikhohlakeleyo yaqalwa ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuba kuphela yindlalifa efanelekileyo kwitrone efumana ibango letrone.
Kodwa ekuhambeni kwexesha, asingawo onke amalandela awayelandela esi sithethe singekho sikweni sokuphalazwa kwegazi. Ethubeni, olu qheliselo lwaguqukela kwinto engeyongozi kangako. Kwiminyaka yamva yobukhosi, abazalwana balowo wayeza kuba ngukumkani babeza kuvalelwa ngaphaya kwezitshixo baze bangagwetyelwa ukufa.
Ukubaluleka kweTopkapi Palace
Iholo yaseTopkapi
UBukhosi baseOttoman babulawulwa ziinkosi ezingama-36 phakathi ko-1299 no-1922. Kangangeenkulungwane inkosi yaseOttoman yayihlala kwibhotwe elitofotofo laseTopkapi, elalinamachibi, iintendelezo, izakhiwo zolawulo, izakhiwo zokuhlala, kunye nentaphane yezitiya ezintle ezingqonge inqaba esembindini. Inxalenye enkulu yeli bhotwe likhulu lalibizwa ngokuba yiHarem. IHarem yayiyindawo apho amashweshwe, abafazi be-sultan kunye namanye amabhinqa amakhoboka ahlala kunye.
Nangona aba bafazi behlala kunye, banikwa izikhundla / izilinganiso ezahlukeneyo kwi-harem, kwaye bonke kwakufuneka bathobele lo myalelo. Lo myalelo wawulawulwa kwaye ugcinwe ngokuqhelekileyo ngumama we-sultan. Emva kokufa kwakhe, uxanduva lwaluza kudluliselwa komnye wabafazi benkosi. Bonke aba bafazi babephantsi kweSultan kwaye babegcinwe kwi-harem ukuze bakhonze umdla we-sultan. Ukuqinisekisa ukuba umthetho nocwangco lwabafazi usoloko ulandelwa, kwamiselwa amathenwa ebhotwe ukuze ancedise kwimisebenzi yemihla ngemihla nokunyamekela ishishini labafazi.
Kumatyeli aliqela, aba bafazi kwakufuneka baculele kwaye badanise i-sultan, kwaye ukuba babenethamsanqa, babekhethwa nguye njengeshweshwe lakhe 'elilithandayo' kwaye babeza kuphakanyiselwa kwizikhundla ezithandwayo kulawulo lwendlu yabasetyhini. Baphinde babelana ngebhafu eqhelekileyo kunye nekhitshi eqhelekileyo.
Ngenxa yesoyikiso sokubulawa, iSultan kwafuneka isuke kwenye indawo iye kwenye ubusuku ngabunye ukuze utshaba lungaze luqiniseke ngendawo yalo yokuhlala.
Ukuwa koBukhosi baseOttoman
Ngasekuqaleni kwee-1600s, uBukhosi base-Ottoman buye bawohloka ngokomyalelo wezempi kunye noqoqosho eYurophu. Ngelixa amandla obukumkani aqala ukuhla, iYurophu yayisele iqalisile ukufumana amandla ngokukhawuleza ngokufika kweRenaissance kunye nokuvuselelwa komonakalo owenziwe yinguqu yezoshishino. Ngokulandelelanayo, ubukhosi base-Ottoman babone ubunkokeli obuxengaxengayo kukhuphiswano lwabo nemigaqo-nkqubo yorhwebo yaseIndiya neYurophu, nto leyo eyakhokelela ekuweni kwangexesha koBukhosi baseOttoman.
Enye emva kwenye, iziganeko zaziqhubeka zisenzeka. Ngowe-1683, obo bukhosi baphulukana nedabi labo eVienna, nto leyo eyongezelela kubuthathaka babo. Njengoko ixesha lalihamba, ngokuthe ngcembe, ubukumkani baqalisa ukuphulukana nolawulo kuyo yonke imimandla ebalulekileyo kwilizwekazi labo. IGrisi yalwela Inkululeko yawo yaza yafumana inkululeko ngowe-1830. Kamva, ngowe-1878, iRomania, iBulgaria neSerbia zabhengezwa njengezizimeleyo yiNkongolo yaseBerlin.
Noko ke, isibetho sokugqibela sabafikela abemi baseTurkey xa baphulukana nobukhulu bobukhosi bawo kwiiMfazwe zeBalkan, ezabakho ngowe-1912 nowe-1913. Ngokusemthethweni, ubukhosi obukhulu baseOttoman bafikelela esiphelweni ngowe-1922 xa kwapheliswa isibizo sikaSultan. .
Nge-29 ka-Okthobha, ilizwe laseTurkey labhengezwa njengeRiphabhlikhi, eyasekwa ligosa lomkhosi uMustafa Kemal Ataturk. Wasebenza njengomongameli wokuqala waseTurkey ukusuka ngonyaka we-1923 ukuya kutsho kowe-1938, ephelisa isikhundla sakhe ngokufa kwakhe. Wasebenza kakhulu ukuvuselela ilizwe, ukukholisa abantu kunye nentshona yenkcubeko yaseTurkey. ILifa loBukhosi baseTurkey yaqhubeka iminyaka engama-600. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, basakhunjulwa ngenxa yokwahluka kwabo, amandla abo angenakoyiswa emkhosini, umzamo wabo wobugcisa, ubugcisa bokuyila, nonqulo lwabo.
Ubusazi?
Hurrem Sultana
Umele ukuba weva ngamabali othando kaRomeo noJuliet, uLaila noMajnu, uHeer noRanjha, kodwa ngaba ukhe weva ngothando olungafiyo ekwabelwana ngalo phakathi kukaHurrem Sultana noSultan Suleiman Khan, uMgnificent? Wazalelwa eRuthenia (ngoku eyiUkraine), eyayisaziwa ngokuba nguAlexandra ngaphambili, wazalelwa kwintsapho yamaKristu ebambelele kakhulu kwisithethe. Kamva, njengoko amaTurkey aqala ukuhlasela iRuthenia, uAlexandra wabanjwa ngabaphangi baseCrimea kwaye wathengiswa kwii-Ottomans kwimarike yamakhoboka.
Eyaziwayo ngobuhle bakhe obungenangqondo kunye nobukrelekrele, ngokukhawuleza, wavuka emehlweni eSultan kunye nemigangatho ye-harem. Uninzi lwabafazi babenomona ngaye ngenxa yengqalelo awayeyifumana kuSuleiman. I-Sultan yathandana nalo buhle baseRuthene kwaye yahamba ngokuchasene nesithethe esineminyaka eyi-800 ukuba itshate isancinza sakhe esithandayo kwaye simenze umfazi wakhe osemthethweni. Waye waguqukela kwiSilamsi esuka ebuKristwini ukuze atshate noSuleiman. Wayeliqabane lokuqala ukufumana iwonga likaHaseki Sultan. UHaseki wayethetha 'eyona ithandwayo'.
Ngaphambili, isiko lalivumela iisultani ukuba zitshate iintombi zezidwangube zasemzini kungekhona umntu osebenza njengeshweshwe ebhotwe. Wahlala enika abantwana abathandathu kubukhosi, kuquka nomphathi wetrone uSelim II. U-Hurrem wadlala indima ebalulekileyo ekucebiseni i-sultan kwimicimbi yakhe yelizwe kunye nokuthumela iileta zozakuzo kukumkani uSigismund II Augustus.
Kutshanje, icinema yaseTurkey yamkele ibali likaSultan Suleiman Khan kunye nesithandwa sakhe ukuvelisa uthotho lwewebhu olubizwa ngokuba 'Olumangalisayo' olubonisa ubomi kunye nenkcubeko yoBukhosi baseOttoman.
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