Tarihin Daular Usmaniyya a Turkiyya
Ana daukar daular Usmaniyya daya daga cikin dauloli mafi girma da dadewa da aka taba samu a tarihin duniya. Sarkin Daular Usmaniyya Sultan Suleiman Khan (I) ya kasance mai cikakken imani da addinin Musulunci kuma mai son fasaha da gine-gine. An shaida wannan soyayyar tasa a duk fadin kasar Turkiyya ta fuskar manyan fadoji da masallatai.
Sarkin Daular Usmaniyya, Sultan Suleiman Khan (I), wanda kuma aka fi sani da Magnificent, ya yi nasarar mamaye Turai tare da kwace Budapest, Belgrade, da tsibirin Rhodes. Daga baya kuma, yayin da ake ci gaba da cin galaba a kansa, shi ma ya yi nasarar kutsawa ta Bagadaza, da Algiers, da Aden. Wannan jerin hare-hare ya yiwu ne saboda sojojin ruwa na Sultan da ba za a iya doke su ba, wadanda ke da rinjaye a tekun Mediterrenean, kuma an kira sarki cum jarumi, mulkin Sultan Suleiman, a matsayin zamanin zinare na mulkin Ottoman.
Sarautar Daular Usmaniyya ta yi mulki a kan manyan sassan Gabas ta Tsakiya, Arewacin Afirka, da Gabashin Turai fiye da shekaru 600. Kamar yadda ka karanta a sama, ’yan asalin ƙasar za su kira babban shugabansu da zuriyarsa (matansa, da ’ya’yansa mata) Sultan ko Sultanas, ma’ana ‘mai mulkin duniya’. Sarkin Musulmi zai yi cikakken iko na addini da na siyasa a kan jama'arsa, kuma babu wanda zai iya soke hukuncinsa.
Saboda karuwar karfin iko da dabarun yaki da ba su dace ba, Turawa na kallonsu a matsayin barazana ga zaman lafiyarsu. Duk da haka, da yawa daga cikin masana tarihi suna ɗaukar daular Ottoman a matsayin alamar kyakkyawan kwanciyar hankali da haɗin kai na yanki, tare da tunawa da bikin su don muhimman nasarori a fagen kimiyya, fasaha, addini, adabi, da al'adu.
Samuwar Daular Usmaniyya
Shugaban Kabilar Turkiyya a birnin Antolia, Osman I, shi ne ya dauki nauyin aza harsashin ginin daular Usmaniyya a shekara ta 1299. An samo kalmar “Ottoman” daga sunan wanda ya kafa – Osman, wanda aka rubuta da ‘Uthman’. da Larabci. Daga nan ne Turkawa Ottoman suka kafa gwamnati a hukumance suka fara fadada yankinsu a karkashin jajirtattun jagororin Osman I, Murad I, Orhan, da Bayezid I. Ta haka ne aka fara gadon daular Usmaniyya.
A shekara ta 1453 Mehmed II mai nasara ya kai farmaki tare da sojojin Turkawa Ottoman tare da kwace tsohon birni mai inganci na Constantinople, wanda a lokacin ake kiransa babban birnin Daular Rumawa. Wannan cin nasara da Mehmed na biyu ya yi ya shaida faduwar Konstantinoful a shekara ta 1453, wanda ya kawo karshen mulkin shekaru 1,000 da kuma shaharar daya daga cikin muhimman dauloli na tarihi - Daular Byzantine.
Daular Usmaniyya
Tashin Daular Usmaniyya
Sarautar m Ottoman mai mulkin - Sultan Suleiman Khan
A shekara ta 1517, dan Bayezid, Selim I, ya kai hari, ya kuma kai kasashen Larabawa, Siriya, Falasdinu da Masar karkashin ikon daular Usmaniyya. Mulkin daular Usmaniyya ya kai ga kololuwa a tsakanin shekara ta 1520 zuwa 1566, wanda ya faru a zamanin mulkin daular Usmaniyya mai ban mamaki - Sultan Suleiman Khan. An tuna da wannan lokaci kuma an yi bikin saboda jin daɗin da ya kawo wa mutanen da suka kasance 'yan asalin waɗannan larduna.
Zamanin ya shaida iko mai girma, kwanciyar hankali da ba a haɗa shi da dukiya da wadata mai yawa. Sultan Suleiman Khan ya gina daula bisa tsarin doka da oda kuma ya fi maraba da fasahohin fasaha da adabi daban-daban da suka bunkasa a nahiyar Turai. Musulman wancan lokacin suna kallon Suleiman a matsayin shugaban addini kuma adalin sarki na siyasa. Ta hanyar hikimarsa, hazakarsa a matsayinsa na mai mulki da kuma jinkansa ga talakawansa, cikin kankanin lokaci, ya mallaki zukatan mutane da yawa.
Mulkin Sultan Suleiman ya ci gaba da samun bunkasuwa, daularsa ta ci gaba da fadadawa, sannan ta hada da mafi yawan sassan gabashin Turai. Daular Usmaniyya sun kashe makudan kudaden shiga wajen karfafa sojojin ruwansu kuma sun ci gaba da shigar da jarumai da yawa a cikin sojojinsu.
Fadada Daular Usmaniyya
Daular Ottoman ta ci gaba da girma da haɓaka sabbin yankuna. Haɓakar sojojin Turkiyya ya aika da ruɗani a cikin nahiyoyi, wanda ya haifar da mika wuya ga makwabta kafin a kai hari yayin da wasu za su halaka a fagen daga. Sultan Suleiman ya kasance mai matukar muhimmanci game da shirye-shiryen yaki, dogon shirye-shiryen yakin neman zabe, kayan yaki, yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya da sauran shirye-shirye masu alaka da yaki.
Lokacin da daular ke shaida kwanaki masu kyau kuma ta kai ga kololuwarta, Daular Ottoman a lokacin ta rufe manyan yankuna da suka hada da Girka, Turkiyya, Masar, Bulgaria, Hungary, Romania, Macedonia, Hungary, Palestine, Syria, Lebanon, Jordan. , sassan Saudiyya da kuma wani yanki mai kyau na yankin bakin teku na Arewacin Afirka.
Art, Kimiyya da Al'adu na Daular
Abubuwan da suka faru na sarauta
Ottoman sun daɗe da sanin cancantarsu a fannin fasaha, likitanci, gine-gine, da kimiyya. Idan ka taba ziyartar kasar Turkiyya, za ka ga kyawon masallatai da aka jera da kuma irin girman fadojin Turkiyya inda iyalan Sarkin Musulmi za su zauna. Ana kallon Istanbul da sauran muhimman biranen daular a matsayin ginshikin fasaha na fasahar gine-ginen Turkiyya, musamman a lokacin mulkin Sultan Suleiman, Mai Girma.
Wasu daga cikin fasahohin fasaha da suka shahara a zamanin Sarkin Musulmi su ne zane-zane, wakoki, zane-zane, kafet, saƙa, waƙa, yin kiɗa da tukwane. A yayin bukukuwan na tsawon wata guda, an kira mawaka da mawaka daga yankunan masarautu daban-daban domin su halarci bikin da kuma yin murna da sarakunan gargajiya.
Sultan Suleiman Khan shi kansa mutum ne mai ilimi sosai kuma yana karantawa da kuma aiki da harsuna da dama don yin fice wajen sadarwa da sarakunan kasashen waje. Har ma ya sa an girka babban dakin karatu a fadarsa domin samun saukin karatu. Mahaifin Sarkin Musulmi da shi kansa ma'abocin waka ne masu kishi, har ma yakan gyara wakokin soyayya ga masoyan Sarkin Musulmi.
Gine-ginen Ottoman wani nuni ne na haskakawar Turkawa. Kyakykyawan zane-zane da zane-zane da aka samu a bangon masallatai da fadoji sun taimaka wajen bayyana al'adun da suka bunkasa a lokacin. Manyan masallatai da gine-ginen jama'a (na nufin taro da bukukuwa) an gina su sosai a zamanin Sultan Sulieman.
A lokacin, an ɗauki Kimiyya a matsayin wani muhimmin sashi na binciken. Tarihi ya nuna cewa Ottomans za su koyi, yin aiki da wa'azin manyan matakan ilmin taurari, falsafa, ilmin lissafi, kimiyyar lissafi, falsafa, ilmin sinadarai har ma da labarin kasa.
Baya ga haka, daular Usmaniyya ta samu wasu fitattun nasarori a fannin likitanci. A lokacin yakin, kimiyyar likitanci ba ta kai ga matakin da za a iya ba wa wadanda suka ji rauni magani cikin sauki da wahala ba. Daga baya, Ottomans sun ƙirƙira kayan aikin tiyata waɗanda za su iya aiwatar da ayyuka masu nasara a kan raunuka masu zurfi. Sun sami kayan aiki kamar catheters, pincers, scalpels, forceps da lancets don jinyar wadanda suka jikkata.
A zamanin Sultan Selim, wata sabuwar yarjejeniya ta bullo ga masu rike da sarautar, wadda ta ayyana ’yan uwantaka, ko kuma mugun laifin kisan kiyashin da aka yi wa ’yan’uwa a kan karagar Sarkin Musulmi. Duk lokacin da za a nada sabon Sarkin Musulmi, sai a kamo ’yan’uwan Sarkin da rashin tausayi a saka su cikin kurkuku. Da zarar an haifi ɗan fari na Sarkin Musulmi zai sa a kashe ƴan uwansa da ƴaƴansu maza. An fara wannan muguwar tsarin ne don tabbatar da cewa magajin gadon sarauta ne kawai ya sami damar yin sarauta.
Amma da shigewar zamani, ba kowane magaji ya bi wannan tsarin zalunci na zubar da jini ba. Daga baya, al'adar ta samo asali zuwa wani abu maras kyau. A shekarun baya na daular, ’yan’uwan sarkin da zai zama za a tsare su ne kawai kuma ba za a yanke musu hukuncin kisa ba.
Muhimmancin Fadar Topkapi
Fadar Topkapi
Sarakuna 36 ne ke mulkin Daular Usmaniyya a tsakanin 1299 zuwa 1922. Tsawon karnoni da yawa Sarkin Ottoman zai zauna a cikin babban gidan sarauta na Topkapi, wanda ke da wuraren tafki, tsakar gida, gine-ginen gudanarwa, gine-ginen zama, da dimbin kyawawan lambuna da ke kewaye da hasumiya ta tsakiya. An kira wani yanki mai yawa na wannan babban fada da Harami. Harem ya kasance wurin zama tare da kuyangi, matan sarkin musulmi da wasu bayi da dama.
Duk da cewa wadannan matan sun rayu tare, amma an ba su matsayi / matsayi daban-daban a cikin haram, kuma dukkaninsu suna bukatar su bi umarnin. Mahaifiyar sarkin musulmi ne ke sarrafa wannan odar. Bayan rasuwarta, za a mika wa daya daga cikin matan sarkin musulmi alhakin. Duk wadannan mata sun kasance karkashin Sarkin Musulmi kuma an ajiye su a cikin harami don biyan bukatar Sarkin. Domin a tabbata ana bin doka da oda, an naɗa eunus a cikin fada domin su taimaka da ayyukan yau da kullum da kuma kula da sana’ar ƙaura.
A lokuta da dama, wadannan mata su kan yi wa sarkin waka da rawa, idan aka yi sa’a sai ya zabo su a matsayin kuyanginsa na ‘fi so’ kuma a dauke su a matsayin wadanda aka fi so a cikin sarautar harami. Haka kuma suka yi wanka na gama gari da kicin.
Saboda barazanar kisa da ta kunno kai, an bukaci Sarkin Musulmi ya rika yin kaura daga wannan wuri zuwa wancan a kowane dare, don kada makiya su tabbatar da zamansa.
Faduwar Daular Usmaniyya
A farkon shekarun 1600, daular Ottoman ta tabarbare ta fuskar soja da tattalin arziki ga Turai. Yayin da ƙarfin daular ya fara raguwa, Turai ta fara samun ƙarfi cikin sauri tare da zuwan Renaissance da farfado da barnar da juyin juya halin masana'antu ya yi. A jere, daular Ottoman ta kuma ga yadda jagoranci ya tabarbare a gasarsu da manufofin kasuwanci na Indiya da Turai, wanda hakan ya kai ga faduwar daular Usmaniyya ba tare da bata lokaci ba.
Ɗaya bayan ɗaya, al'amura sun ci gaba da faruwa. A shekara ta 1683, daular ta yi rashin nasara a yakinta a Vienna, wanda ya kara musu rauni. Yayin da lokaci ya wuce, sannu a hankali, masarautar ta fara rasa iko da dukkan yankuna masu mahimmanci a nahiyar tasu. Girka ta yi yaƙi don ’yancin kai kuma ta sami ’yanci a shekara ta 1830. Daga baya, a 1878, Majalisar Berlin ta ayyana Romania, Bulgaria da Serbia ’yancin kai.
Duk da haka, tashin hankali na ƙarshe ya zo wa Turkawa lokacin da suka rasa yawancin daularsu a yakin Balkan, wanda ya faru a cikin 1912 da 1913. A hukumance, daular Usmaniyya mai girma ta ƙare a shekara ta 1922 lokacin da aka rushe sunan Sultan. .
A ranar 29 ga watan Oktoba ne aka ayyana kasar Turkiyya a matsayin jamhuriya, wanda hafsan soja Mustafa Kemal Ataturk ya kafa. Ya taba zama shugaban kasar Turkiyya na farko daga shekara ta 1923 zuwa 1938, inda ya kawo karshen mulkinsa da rasuwarsa. Ya yi aiki da yawa wajen farfado da kasar, da mayar da jama'a saniyar ware da kuma mayar da al'adun Turkiyya baki daya a yammacin duniya. Tarihi na Daular Turkiyya ya ci gaba har tsawon shekaru 600. Har ya zuwa yau, ana tunawa da su saboda bambancinsu, ƙarfin soja da ba za a iya doke su ba, ƙoƙarinsu na fasaha, hazaka na gine-gine, da ayyukansu na addini.
Shin kun sani?
Hurrem Sultana
Tabbas kun ji labarin soyayyar Romeo da Juliet, Laila da Majnu, Heer da Ranjha, amma kun ji labarin soyayyar da ba ta dawwama da ke tsakanin Hurrem Sultana da Sultan Suleiman Khan, the Magnificent? An haife ta a Ruthenia (yanzu Ukrain), wadda aka fi sani da Alexandra, an haife ta ne a cikin dangin Kirista na al’ada. Daga baya, yayin da Turkawa suka fara mamaye Ruthenia, Alexandra ya sami nasarar kama Alexandra ta hanyar masu kwace daga Crimea kuma aka sayar da shi ga Ottomans a kasuwar bayi.
Wanda aka santa da kyawunta da basirar da ba ta dace ba, da sauri ta tashi a idon sultan da manyan harami. Yawancin mata sun yi mata kishi saboda kulawar da ta samu daga wajen Suleman. Sarkin Musulmi ya ƙaunaci wannan kyakkyawa Ruthenian kuma ya saba wa al'adar shekaru 800 na aure da ƙwarƙwarar da ya fi so kuma ya mai da ita a matsayin matarsa ta halal. Ta musulunta daga addinin kiristanci domin ta auri Suleiman. Ita ce uwargida ta farko da ta samu matsayin Haseki Sultan. Haseki na nufin 'mafi so'.
Tun da farko, al’adar ta ba wa sarakuna damar aurar da ‘ya’yan manyan kasashen waje ba wadda ta yi aiki a matsayin kuyangi a gidan sarauta ba. Ta rayu ta ba da yara shida ga daular, ciki har da mai sarauta Selim II. Hurrem ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen baiwa sarkin musulmi shawara kan harkokin jiharsa da kuma aika wasikun diflomasiyya zuwa ga sarki Sigismund na biyu Augustus.
Kwanan nan, gidan sinima na Turkiyya ya dauki labarin Sultan Suleiman Khan da masoyinsa wajen shirya wani shiri na gidan yanar gizo mai suna 'The Magnificent' wanda ke nuna rayuwa da al'adun Daular Usmaniyya.
Duba ku cancanta don Visa na Turkiyya kuma nemi e-Visa Turkiyya sa'o'i 72 kafin jirgin ku. Jama'ar Bahamas, 'Yan kasar Bahrain da kuma Canadianan ƙasar Kanada Za a iya yin amfani da layi don Visa na Turkiyya na lantarki.
